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--- pm:prj2026:bianca.popa1106:andreea.peiu [2026/05/09 15:50]
andreea.peiu [Bill of Materials (BOM)]
+++ pm:prj2026:bianca.popa1106:andreea.peiu [2026/05/25 13:17] (current)
andreea.peiu [Github Repository]
@@ Line 151: / Line 151: @@
 ^ Component ^ Description ^ Quantity ^
 | Arduino Nano | Main microcontroller board | 1 |
-| SG90 Servo Motor | Barrier actuation | 1 |
+| SG90 Servo Motor | Barrier actuation mechanism | 1 |
+| DC Motor | Conveyor belt movement | 1 |
+| L298N Motor Driver | H-Bridge motor controller | 1 |
 | 4x4 Membrane Keypad | PIN authentication input | 1 |
-| IR Sensors | User detection | 2 |
+| IR Proximity Sensors | User detection | 2 |
 | LCD 16x2 with I2C | User interface display | 1 |
-| LEDs | Visual feedback | 2 |
+| LEDs | Visual feedback indicators | 2 |
-| Breadboard | Prototyping platform | 1 |
+| Custom PCB | Hardware integration board | 1 |
-| Jumper Wires | Electrical connections | ~30 |
+| Jumper Wires / Connectors | Electrical connections | ~20 |
-| Resistors | Current limiting | Multiple |
+| Resistors | Current limiting and pull-up resistors | Multiple |
+====== Software Design ======
-===== Software Design =====
+===== Development Environment =====
-==== Development Environment ====
+The firmware was developed using:
   * Arduino IDE
-  * Language: C/C++
+  * Programming Language: C/C++
-  * Platform: Arduino Uno
+  * Target Platform: Arduino Nano (ATmega328P)
-==== External Libraries Used ====
+The software architecture is based on a finite state machine (FSM) implementation that manages all transitions between authentication, barrier control, and user detection states.
-  * Servo.h
+===== External Libraries Used =====
-  * Keypad.h
-  * LiquidCrystal_I2C.h
-  * Wire.h
-==== Code Components ====
+The following third-party libraries were integrated into the project firmware:
-The software is divided into several logical modules:
+^ Library ^ Purpose ^
+| Wire.h | I2C communication support |
+| LiquidCrystal_I2C.h | LCD 16×2 display control |
+| Keypad.h | 4×4 keypad scanning and input processing |
+| Servo.h | Servo motor PWM control |
-=== State Machine Logic ===
+These libraries simplify peripheral integration and allow modular firmware development.
-Handles all transitions between system states:
+===== Software Architecture =====
-  * IDLE
-  * WAIT_FOR_CONFIRM
-  * OPENING
-  * WAIT_FOR_PASS
-  * CLOSING
-  * ERROR
-=== Authentication Module ===
+The application firmware is divided into multiple logical modules responsible for different hardware subsystems and control mechanisms.
-  * Reads keypad input
+===== Finite State Machine (FSM) =====
-  * Stores typed digits
-  * Validates entered PIN
-  * Handles timeout conditions
-=== Barrier Control Module ===
+The entire system behavior is controlled using a finite state machine.
-  * Controls servo position using PWM
+Implemented states:
-  * Opens and closes the barrier
-  * Ensures smooth transitions
-=== Sensor Monitoring Module ===
+^ State ^ Description ^
+| ST_IDLE | Waiting for user detection |
+| WAIT_FOR_CONFIRM | User PIN input state |
+| OPENING | Barrier opening and conveyor activation |
+| WAIT_FOR_PASS | Waiting for user passage |
+| CLOSING | Barrier closing and conveyor stop |
+| EROARE | Error and timeout handling |
-  * Continuously checks both proximity sensors
+The FSM implementation provides:
-  * Detects user arrival and passage
+  * modular control flow;
-  * Triggers FSM state transitions
+  * predictable state transitions;
+  * easier debugging and testing;
+  * scalable architecture for future extensions.
-=== LCD Feedback System ===
+===== Authentication Module =====
-Displays:
+The authentication subsystem is responsible for:
-  * current state
+  * keypad scanning;
-  * authentication messages
+  * PIN storage;
-  * error messages
+  * PIN validation;
-  * timeout notifications
+  * timeout protection.
-=== Audio & Visual Feedback ===
+Main features:
+  * supports numeric PIN entry;
+  * supports character deletion using '*';
+  * PIN confirmation using '#';
+  * automatic timeout reset after inactivity.
-  * Green LED → access granted
+The authentication logic compares the entered PIN with a predefined secret code stored in firmware.
-  * Red LED → access denied
-  * Buzzer → acoustic notifications
-==== Implementation Details ====
+===== Sensor Monitoring Module =====
-The project integrates concepts from multiple laboratory sessions:
+Two IR proximity sensors are continuously monitored:
-=== Lab 0 – GPIO ===
+^ Sensor ^ Purpose ^
+| Front IR Sensor | Detects user arrival |
+| Rear IR Sensor | Detects successful passage |
-Used for:
+The sensors are read using analog inputs and calibrated automatically during system startup.
-  * LEDs
-  * buzzer
-  * keypad communication
-  * sensor reading
-=== Lab 2 – Interrupts ===
+Calibration process:
+  * the firmware samples sensor values multiple times;
+  * computes average environmental baseline;
+  * dynamically generates detection thresholds.
-Interrupts are used for:
+This improves detection reliability and reduces false triggering.
-  * fast event detection
-  * responsive system behavior
-=== Lab 3 – Timers & PWM ===
+===== Barrier Control Module =====
-Used for:
+The physical barrier is controlled using an SG90 servo motor.
-  * servo motor PWM control
-  * authentication timeout
-  * automatic barrier closing
-=== Lab 4 – ADC ===
+The firmware implements:
+  * smooth opening movement;
+  * smooth closing movement;
+  * gradual angle transitions using incremental PWM updates.
-Used for:
+Servo positions:
-  * reading potentiometer values
+  * 0° → barrier closed;
-  * dynamic timing adjustment
+  * 90° → barrier opened.
-=== Lab 6 – I2C ===
+Movement timing is controlled through software delays to obtain smooth mechanical motion.
-Used for:
+===== Conveyor Belt Control Module =====
-  * LCD communication
-  * real-time status display
-==== Optimizations ====
+The conveyor mechanism is controlled through an H-Bridge driver.
-  * Non-blocking timing using millis()
+Implemented operations:
-  * Event-driven FSM implementation
+  * conveyor start;
-  * Reduced LCD refresh to minimize flicker
+  * conveyor stop;
-  * Stable sensor polling to avoid false triggers
+  * motor direction control.
+The conveyor starts only after successful authentication and stops automatically after user passage confirmation.
+===== LCD Feedback System =====
+A 16×2 I2C LCD module is used to provide real-time user feedback.
+Displayed messages include:
+  * system initialization;
+  * PIN request;
+  * access granted;
+  * access denied;
+  * timeout warnings;
+  * error states;
+  * conveyor and barrier status.
+The LCD interface improves usability and debugging visibility.
+===== LED Signaling System =====
+Two LEDs are used for visual feedback:
+^ LED ^ Meaning ^
+| Green LED | Access granted / active system |
+| Red LED | Access denied / error state |
+Implemented behavior:
+  * both LEDs active in standby mode;
+  * both LEDs off during authentication;
+  * green LED active after successful authentication;
+  * red LED active after invalid PIN;
+  * red LED blinking during error state.
+===== Timing and Timeout Management =====
+The firmware uses non-blocking timing based on the millis() function.
+Implemented protections:
+  * PIN input timeout;
+  * passage timeout;
+  * automatic recovery after inactivity.
+Advantages:
+  * responsive behavior;
+  * reduced blocking delays;
+  * stable event processing.
+===== Implemented Functions =====
+==== State Management ====
+^ Function ^ Purpose ^
+| tranzitie() | Handles FSM transitions |
+==== Sensor Functions ====
+^ Function ^ Purpose ^
+| irFata() | Detects approaching user |
+| irSpate() | Detects completed passage |
+==== Barrier Functions ====
+^ Function ^ Purpose ^
+| servoMisca() | Smooth servo movement control |
+==== Conveyor Functions ====
+^ Function ^ Purpose ^
+| bandaPorneste() | Starts conveyor motor |
+| bandaOpreste() | Stops conveyor motor |
+==== LCD Functions ====
+^ Function ^ Purpose ^
+| lcdAfis() | Updates LCD display messages |
+===== Implemented Embedded Concepts =====
+The project integrates concepts from multiple Embedded Systems laboratory sessions:
+^ Laboratory ^ Concepts Used ^
+| GPIO | LEDs, keypad, sensors |
+| Timers & PWM | Servo motor control |
+| ADC | IR sensor analog reading |
+| I2C | LCD communication |
+| FSM Design | System control logic |
+===== Software Optimizations =====
+Several optimizations were implemented:
+  * modular firmware structure;
+  * state-based architecture;
+  * automatic sensor calibration;
+  * non-blocking timeout management;
+  * smooth servo movement;
+  * reduced LCD refresh flickering;
+  * stable sensor polling.
+===== System Workflow =====
+  - System waits in ST_IDLE.
+  - Front sensor detects user presence.
+  - User enters authentication PIN.
+  - If PIN is correct:
+    * barrier opens;
+    * conveyor belt starts;
+    * green LED activates.
+  - Rear sensor confirms passage.
+  - Conveyor stops.
+  - Barrier closes.
+  - System returns to idle state.
+In case of:
+  * invalid PIN;
+  * timeout;
+  * missing passage confirmation;
+the firmware transitions into an error handling state and safely resets the system.
 ===== Results =====
@@ Line 281: / Line 399: @@
 ==== Github Repository ====
-[[https://github.com/USERNAME/andreea-project]]
+[[https://github.com/andreeapeiu/Smart-Barrier-Access-System.git]]
 ==== Demo Video ====
-[[https://youtube.com/]]
+[[https://youtube.com/shorts/fw3LWh_MJx0?is=S9cDCzvet7fm1EIm]]
 ==== Project Images ====
-{{:pm:prj2026:andreea:full_setup.jpg?600|}}
-{{:pm:prj2026:andreea:lcd_interface.jpg?600|}}
-{{:pm:prj2026:andreea:barrier_open.jpg?600|}}
 ===== Conclusion =====
@@ Line 312: / Line 425: @@
   * Arduino Uno Datasheet
   * SG90 Servo Motor Datasheet
-  * HC-SR04 Sensor Datasheet
   * LCD 16x2 I2C Documentation
 ==== Software Resources ====
-  * https://www.arduino.cc/
-  * https://docs.arduino.cc/
-  * https://github.com/arduino-libraries/Servo
-  * https://github.com/Chris--A/Keypad
-  * https://github.com/johnrickman/LiquidCrystal_I2C