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--- ic:labs:06 [2022/09/27 00:51]
razvan.smadu [Lab Code]
+++ ic:labs:06 [2023/10/09 23:22] (current)
razvan.smadu
@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 Prezentarea PowerPoint pentru acest laborator poate fi găsită [[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1YFkD5I6yNgVf1y9bhK4xdR2xZgDZ4Dd1/view?usp=sharing|aici]].
+Puteți lucra acest laborator folosind platforma Google Colab, accesând acest [[https://colab.research.google.com/github/ACS-IC-labs/IC-labs/blob/main/labs/lab06/lab6.ipynb|link]].
+<hidden>
+<spoiler Click pentru a vedea utils.py>
 <file python utils.py>
 import base64
+from typing import Generator
-# CONVERSION FUNCTIONS
-def _chunks(string, chunk_size):
-    for i in range(0, len(string), chunk_size):
-        yield string[i:i+chunk_size]
-def byte_2_bin(bval):
-    """
+def _pad(data: str, size: int) -> str:
-      Transform a byte (8-bit) value into a bitstring
+    reminder = len(data) % size
+    if reminder != 0:
+        data = "0" * (size - reminder) + data
+    return data
+def _chunks(data: str, chunk_size: int) -> Generator[str, None, None]:
+    data = _pad(data, chunk_size)
+    for i in range(0, len(data), chunk_size):
+        yield data[i : i + chunk_size]
+def _hex(data: int) -> str:
+    return format(data, "02x")
+# Conversion functions
+def byte_2_bin(bval: int) -> str:
+    """Converts a byte value to a binary string.
+    Args:
+        bval (int):
+            The byte value to be converted. It should be an integer between
+and 255.
+    Returns:
+        str: The binary string representation of the byte value, where each bit
+        is encoded as a character. The result has a fixed length of 8 characters
+        and is padded with leading zeros if necessary.
+    Examples:
+        >>> byte_2_bin(72)
+        '01001000'
+        >>> byte_2_bin(66)
+        '01000010'
     """
     return bin(bval)[2:].zfill(8)
-def _hex(x):
-    return format(x, '02x')
+def hex_2_bin(data: str) -> str:
+    """Converts a hexadecimal string to a binary representation.
-def hex_2_bin(data):
-    return ''.join(f'{int(x, 16):08b}' for x in _chunks(data, 2))
+    Args:
+        data (str): The hexadecimal string to be converted. It should have an
-def str_2_bin(data):
+            even number of characters and only contain valid hexadecimal digits
-    return ''.join(f'{ord(c):08b}' for c in data)
+            (0-9, A-F, a-f).
-def bin_2_hex(data):
+    Returns:
-    return ''.join(f'{int(b, 2):02x}' for b in _chunks(data, 8))
+        str: The binary representation of the hexadecimal string, where each
+            pair of hexadecimal digits is encoded as an 8-bit binary number.
-def str_2_hex(data):
-    return ''.join(f'{ord(c):02x}' for c in data)
+    Examples:
+        >>> hex_2_bin("01abcd")
-def bin_2_str(data):
+        '000000011010101111001101'
-    return ''.join(chr(int(b, 2)) for b in _chunks(data, 8))
+        >>> hex_2_bin("0a")
+        '00001010'
-def hex_2_str(data):
+    """
-    return ''.join(chr(int(x, 16)) for x in _chunks(data, 2))
+    return "".join(f"{int(x, 16):08b}" for x in _chunks(data, 2))
-# XOR FUNCTIONS
-def strxor(a, b):  # xor two strings, trims the longer input
+def bin_2_hex(data: str) -> str:
-    return ''.join(chr(ord(x) ^ ord(y)) for (x, y) in zip(a, b))
+    """Converts a binary string to a hexadecimal representation.
-def bitxor(a, b):  # xor two bit-strings, trims the longer input
+    Args:
-    return ''.join(str(int(x) ^ int(y)) for (x, y) in zip(a, b))
+        data (str): The binary string to be converted. It should have a multiple
+            of 8 characters and only contain valid binary digits (0 or 1).
-def hexxor(a, b):  # xor two hex-strings, trims the longer input
-    return ''.join(_hex(int(x, 16) ^ int(y, 16)) for (x, y) in zip(_chunks(a, 2), _chunks(b, 2)))
+    Returns:
+        str: The hexadecimal representation of the binary string, where each
-# BASE64 FUNCTIONS
+            group of 8 binary digits is encoded as a pair of hexadecimal digits.
-def b64decode(data):
-    return bytes_to_string(base64.b64decode(string_to_bytes(data)))
+    Examples:
+        >>> bin_2_hex("000000011010101111001101")
-def b64encode(data):
+        '01abcd'
+        >>> bin_2_hex("00001010")
+        '0a'
+    """
+    return "".join(f"{int(b, 2):02x}" for b in _chunks(data, 8))
+def str_2_bin(data: str) -> str:
+    """Converts a string to a binary representation.
+    Args:
+        data (str): The string to be converted.
+    Returns:
+        str: The binary representation of the string, where each character is
+            encoded as an 8-bit binary number.
+    Examples:
+        >>> str_2_bin("Hello")
+        '0100100001100101011011000110110001101111'
+        >>> str_2_bin("IC")
+        '0100100101000011'
+    """
+    return "".join(f"{ord(c):08b}" for c in data)
+def bin_2_str(data: str) -> str:
+    """Converts a binary string to a string.
+    Args:
+        data (str): The binary string to be converted. It should have a multiple
+            of 8 characters and only contain valid binary digits (0 or 1).
+    Returns:
+        str: The string representation of the binary string, where each group
+            of 8 binary digits is decoded as a character.
+    Examples:
+        >>> bin_2_str("0100100001100101011011000110110001101111")
+        'Hello'
+        >>> bin_2_str("0100100101000011")
+        'IC'
+    """
+    return "".join(chr(int(b, 2)) for b in _chunks(data, 8))
+def str_2_hex(data: str) -> str:
+    """Converts a string to a hexadecimal representation.
+    Args:
+        data (str): The string to be converted.
+    Returns:
+        str: The hexadecimal representation of the string, where each character
+            is encoded as a pair of hexadecimal digits.
+    Examples:
+        >>> str_2_hex("Hello")
+        '48656c6c6f'
+        >>> str_2_hex("IC")
+        '4943'
+    """
+    return "".join(f"{ord(c):02x}" for c in data)
+def hex_2_str(data: str) -> str:
+    """Converts a hexadecimal string to a string.
+    Args:
+        data (str): The hexadecimal string to be converted. It should have an
+            even number of characters and only contain valid hexadecimal digits
+            (0-9, A-F, a-f).
+    Returns:
+        str: The string representation of the hexadecimal string, where each
+            pair of hexadecimal digits is decoded as a character.
+    Examples:
+        >>> hex_2_str("48656c6c6f")
+        'Hello'
+        >>> hex_2_str("4943")
+        'IC'
+    """
+    return "".join(chr(int(x, 16)) for x in _chunks(data, 2))
+# XOR functions
+def strxor(operand_1: str, operand_2: str) -> str:
+    """Performs a bitwise exclusive OR (XOR) operation on two strings.
+    Args:
+        operand_1 (str): The first string to be XORed.
+        operand_2 (str): The second string to be XORed.
+    Returns:
+        str: The result of the XOR operation on the two strings, where each
+            character is encoded as an 8-bit binary number. The result has
+            the same length as the shorter input string.
+    Examples:
+        >>> strxor("Hello", "IC")
+        '\\x01&'
+        >>> strxor("secret", "key")
+        '\\x18\\x00\\x1a'
+    """
+    return "".join(chr(ord(x) ^ ord(y)) for (x, y) in zip(operand_1, operand_2))
+def bitxor(operand_1: str, operand_2: str) -> str:
+    """Performs a bitwise exclusive OR (XOR) operation on two bit-strings.
+    Args:
+        operand_1 (str): The first bit-string to be XORed. It should only
+            contain valid binary digits (0 or 1).
+        operand_2 (str): The second bit-string to be XORed. It should only
+            contain valid binary digits (0 or 1).
+    Returns:
+        str: The result of the XOR operation on the two bit-strings, where each
+            bit is encoded as a character. The result has the same length as
+            the shorter input bit-string.
+    Examples:
+        >>> bitxor("01001000", "01000010")
+        '00001010'
+        >>> bitxor("10101010", "00110011")
+        '10011001'
+    """
+    return "".join(str(int(x) ^ int(y)) for (x, y) in zip(operand_1, operand_2))
+def hexxor(operand_1: str, operand_2: str) -> str:
+    """Performs a bitwise exclusive OR (XOR) operation on two hexadecimal
+    strings.
+    Args:
+        operand_1 (str): The first hexadecimal string to be XORed. It should
+            have an even number of characters and only contain valid hexadecimal
+            digits (0-9, A-F, a-f).
+        operand_2 (str): The second hexadecimal string to be XORed. It should
+            have an even number of characters and only contain valid
+            digits (0-9, A-F, a-f).
+    Returns:
+        str: The result of the XOR operation on the two hexadecimal strings,
+            where each pair of hexadecimal digits is encoded as a pair of
+            hexadecimal digits. The result has the same length as the shorter
+            input hexadecimal string.
+    Examples:
+        >>> hexxor("48656c6c6f", "42696e67")
+        '0a0c020b'
+        >>> hexxor("736563726574", "6b6579")
+        '18001a'
+    """
+    return "".join(
+        _hex(int(x, 16) ^ int(y, 16))
+        for (x, y) in zip(_chunks(operand_1, 2), _chunks(operand_2, 2))
+    )
+# Python3 'bytes' functions
+def bytes_to_string(bytes_data: bytearray | bytes) -> str:
+    """Converts a byte array or a byte string to a string.
+    Args:
+        bytes_data (bytearray | bytes): The byte array or the byte string to be
+            converted. It should be encoded in Latin-1 format.
+    Returns:
+        str: The string representation of the byte array or the byte string,
+            decoded using Latin-1 encoding.
+    Examples:
+        >>> bytes_to_string(b'Hello')
+        'Hello'
+        >>> bytes_to_string(bytearray(b'IC'))
+        'IC'
+    """
+    return bytes_data.decode(encoding="raw_unicode_escape")
+def string_to_bytes(string_data: str) -> bytes:
+    """Converts a string to a byte string.
+    Args:
+        string_data (str): The string to be converted.
+    Returns:
+        bytes: The byte string representation of the string, encoded using
+        Latin-1 encoding.
+    Examples:
+        >>> string_to_bytes('Hello')
+        b'Hello'
+        >>> string_to_bytes('IC')
+        b'IC'
+    """
+    return string_data.encode(encoding="raw_unicode_escape")
+# Base64 functions
+def b64encode(data: str) -> str:
+    """Encodes a string to base64.
+    Parameters:
+        data (str): The string to be encoded.
+    Returns:
+        str: The base64 encoded string, using Latin-1 encoding.
+    Examples:
+        >>> b64encode("Hello")
+        'SGVsbG8='
+        >>> b64encode("IC")
+        'SUM='
+    """
     return bytes_to_string(base64.b64encode(string_to_bytes(data)))
-# PYTHON3 'BYTES' FUNCTIONS
-def bytes_to_string(bytes_data):
+def b64decode(data: str) -> str:
-    return bytes_data.decode()  # default utf-8
+    """Decodes a base64 encoded string.
-def string_to_bytes(string_data):
+    Args:
-    return string_data.encode()  # default utf-8
+        data (str): The base64 encoded string to be decoded. It should only
+            contain valid base64 characters (A-Z, a-z, 0-9, +, /, =).
+    Returns:
+        str: The decoded string, using Latin-1 encoding.
+    Examples:
+        >>> b64decode("SGVsbG8=")
+        'Hello'
+        >>> b64decode("SUM=")
+        'IC'
+    """
+    return bytes_to_string(base64.b64decode(string_to_bytes(data)))
 </file>
+</spoiler>
 ==== AES ECB ====
@@ Line 89: / Line 361: @@
 <note tip>
-Funcția **findBlockSize()** mărește numărul de caractere adăugate, mărind lungimea mesajului.
+Funcția **find_block_size()** mărește numărul de caractere adăugate, mărind lungimea mesajului.
 Cum putem asocia dimensiunea mesajului cu numărul de blocuri criptate?
@@ Line 147: / Line 419: @@
 ==== Lab Code ====
+<spoiler Click pentru a vedea lab06.py>
 <file python lab06.py>
-from math import ceil
 import base64
-import os
+from math import ceil
-from random import randint
+from typing import List, Tuple
-from Crypto.Cipher import AES
-from utils import *
-from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.ciphers import Cipher, algorithms, modes
 from cryptography.hazmat.backends import default_backend
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.ciphers import Cipher, algorithms, modes
+from utils import *
 backend = default_backend()
-def split_bytes_in_blocks(x, block_size):
+def split_bytes_in_blocks(x: bytes, block_size: int) -> List[bytes]:
-    nb_blocks = ceil(len(x)/block_size)
+    """Splits a byte string into a list of blocks of equal size.
-    return [x[block_size*i:block_size*(i+1)] for i in range(nb_blocks)]
+    Args:
+        x (bytes): The byte string to split.
+        block_size (int): The size of each block in bytes.
-def pkcs7_padding(message, block_size):
+    Returns:
+        List[bytes]: A list of byte strings, each of length block_size,
+            except for the last one which may be shorter.
+    """
+    nb_blocks = ceil(len(x) / block_size)
+    return [x[block_size * i : block_size * (i + 1)] for i in range(nb_blocks)]
+def pkcs7_padding(message: bytes, block_size: int) -> bytes:
+    """Applies PKCS#7 padding to a byte string.
+    Args:
+        message (bytes): The byte string to pad.
+        block_size (int): The size of the block in bytes.
+    Returns:
+        bytes: A byte string that is a multiple of block_size in length,
+            with padding bytes added at the end. The value of each padding
+            byte is equal to the number of padding bytes added.
+    """
     padding_length = block_size - (len(message) % block_size)
     if padding_length == 0:
@@ Line 172: / Line 466: @@
-def pkcs7_strip(data):
+def pkcs7_strip(data: bytes) -> bytes:
+    """Removes PKCS#7 padding from a byte string.
+    Args:
+        data (bytes): The byte string to strip.
+    Returns:
+        bytes: A byte string with the padding bytes removed from the end.
+    """
     padding_length = data[-1]
-    return data[:- padding_length]
+    return data[:-padding_length]
-def encrypt_aes_128_ecb(msg, key):
+def encrypt_aes_128_ecb(plaintext: bytes, key: bytes) -> bytes:
-    padded_msg = pkcs7_padding(msg, block_size=16)
+    """Encrypts a byte string using AES-128 in ECB mode.
+    Args:
+        plaintext (bytes): The byte string to encrypt. It will be padded
+            using PKCS#7.
+        key (bytes): The encryption key. It must be 16 bytes in length.
+    Returns:
+        bytes: A byte string that is the encrypted version of plaintext.
+    """
+    padded_msg = pkcs7_padding(plaintext, block_size=16)
     cipher = Cipher(algorithms.AES(key), modes.ECB(), backend=backend)
     encryptor = cipher.encryptor()
@@ Line 184: / Line 496: @@
-def decrypt_aes_128_ecb(ctxt, key):
+def decrypt_aes_128_ecb(ciphertext: bytes, key: bytes) -> bytes:
+    """Decrypts a byte string using AES-128 in ECB mode.
+    Args:
+        ciphertext (bytes): The byte string to decrypt. It must be a multiple of
+bytes in length.
+        key (bytes): The decryption key. It must be 16 bytes in length.
+    Returns:
+        bytes: A byte string that is the decrypted version of ciphertext. The
+            PKCS#7 padding will be removed.
+    """
     cipher = Cipher(algorithms.AES(key), modes.ECB(), backend=backend)
     decryptor = cipher.decryptor()
-    decrypted_data = decryptor.update(ctxt) + decryptor.finalize()
+    decrypted_data = decryptor.update(ciphertext) + decryptor.finalize()
     message = pkcs7_strip(decrypted_data)
     return message
-# You are not suppose to see this
 class Oracle:
-    def __init__(self):
+    """A class that simulates an encryption oracle using AES-128 in ECB mode.
-        self.key = 'Mambo NumberFive'.encode()
+    You are not suppose to see this"""
-        self.prefix = 'PREF'.encode()
-        self.target = base64.b64decode(  # You are suppose to break this
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
-            "RG8gbm90IGxheSB1cCBmb3IgeW91cnNlbHZlcyB0cmVhc3VyZXMgb24gZWFydGgsIHdoZXJlIG1vdGggYW5kIHJ1c3QgZGVzdHJveSBhbmQgd2hlcmUgdGhpZXZlcyBicmVhayBpbiBhbmQgc3RlYWwsCmJ1dCBsYXkgdXAgZm9yIHlvdXJzZWx2ZXMgdHJlYXN1cmVzIGluIGhlYXZlbiwgd2hlcmUgbmVpdGhlciBtb3RoIG5vciBydXN0IGRlc3Ryb3lzIGFuZCB3aGVyZSB0aGlldmVzIGRvIG5vdCBicmVhayBpbiBhbmQgc3RlYWwuCkZvciB3aGVyZSB5b3VyIHRyZWFzdXJlIGlzLCB0aGVyZSB5b3VyIGhlYXJ0IHdpbGwgYmUgYWxzby4="
+        self.key = "Mambo NumberFive".encode()
+        self.prefix = "PREF".encode()
+        # You are suppose to break this
+        self.target = base64.b64decode(
+            "RG8gbm90IGxheSB1cCBmb3IgeW91cnNlbHZlcyB0cmVhc3VyZXMgb24gZWFydGgsI"
+            "HdoZXJlIG1vdGggYW5kIHJ1c3QgZGVzdHJveSBhbmQgd2hlcmUgdGhpZXZlcyBicm"
+            "VhayBpbiBhbmQgc3RlYWwsCmJ1dCBsYXkgdXAgZm9yIHlvdXJzZWx2ZXMgdHJlYXN"
+            "1cmVzIGluIGhlYXZlbiwgd2hlcmUgbmVpdGhlciBtb3RoIG5vciBydXN0IGRlc3Ry"
+            "b3lzIGFuZCB3aGVyZSB0aGlldmVzIGRvIG5vdCBicmVhayBpbiBhbmQgc3RlYWwuC"
+            "kZvciB3aGVyZSB5b3VyIHRyZWFzdXJlIGlzLCB0aGVyZSB5b3VyIGhlYXJ0IHdpbG"
+            "wgYmUgYWxzby4="
         )
-    def encrypt(self, message):
+    def encrypt(self, message: bytes) -> bytes:
         return encrypt_aes_128_ecb(
             self.prefix + message + self.target,
-            self.key
+            self.key,
         )
 # Task 1
-def findBlockSize():
+def find_block_size() -> Tuple[int, int, int]:
-    initialLength = len(Oracle().encrypt(b''))
+    initial_length = len(Oracle().encrypt(b""))
     i = 0
-    while 1:  # Feed identical bytes of your-string to the function 1 at a time until you get the block length
-        # You will also need to determine here the size of fixed prefix + target + pad
+    block_size = 0
-        # And the minimum size of the plaintext to make a new block
+    size_of_prefix_target_padding = 0
-        length = len(Oracle().encrypt(b'X'*i))
+    minimum_size_to_align_plaintext = 0
+    while 1:
+        # Feed identical bytes of your-string to the function 1 at a time
+        # until you get the block length. You will also need to determine
+        # here the size of fixed prefix + target + pad, and the minimum
+        # size of the plaintext to make a new block
+        length = len(Oracle().encrypt(b"X" * i))
         i += 1
-        return block_size, sizeOfPrefixTargetPadding, minimumSizeToAlighPlaintext
+        # TODO 1: find block_size, size_of_prefix_target_padding,
+        # and minimum_size_to_align_plaintext
+        break
+    return (
+        block_size,
+        size_of_prefix_target_padding,
+        minimum_size_to_align_plaintext,
+    )
 # Task 2
-def findPrefixSize(block_size):
+def find_prefix_size(block_size: int) -> int:
-    previous_blocks = None
+    initial_blocks = split_bytes_in_blocks(Oracle().encrypt(b""), block_size)
-    # Find the situation where prefix_size + padding_size - 1 = block_size
-    # Use split_bytes_in_blocks to get blocks of size(block_size)
+    # TODO 2: Find when prefix_size + padding_size - 1 = block_size
+    # Use split_bytes_in_blocks to get blocks of size block_size.
+    # TODO 2.1: Find the block containing the prefix by comparing
+    # initial_blocks and modified_blocks
+    # You may find enumerate() and zip() useful.
+    modified_blocks = split_bytes_in_blocks(Oracle().encrypt(b"X"), block_size)
+    prefix_block_index = 0
+    # TODO 2.2: As now we know in which block to look, find when that block
+    # does not change anymore when adding more X's. The complementary will
+    # represent the prefix.
+    prefix_size_in_block = 0
+    prefix_size = prefix_block_index * block_size + prefix_size_in_block
     return prefix_size
 # Task 3
-def recoverOneByteAtATime(block_size, prefix_size, target_size):
+def recover_one_byte_at_a_time(
+    block_size: int,
+    prefix_size: int,
+    target_size: int,
+) -> str:
     known_target_bytes = b""
     for _ in range(target_size):
         # prefix_size + padding_length + known_len + 1 = 0 mod block_size
-        known_len = len(know_target_bytes)
+        known_len = len(known_target_bytes)
-        padding_length = (- known_len - 1 - prefix_size) % block_size
+        padding_length = (-known_len - 1 - prefix_size) % block_size
         padding = b"X" * padding_length
-        # target block plaintext contains only known characters except its last character
+        # TODO 3.1: Determine the target block index which contains only known
-        # Don't forget to use split_bytes_in_blocks to get the correct block
+        # characters except its last character.
+        # TODO 3.2: Get the target block form split_bytes_in_blocks at the index
+        # previously determined.
+        # TODO 3.3: Try every possibility for the last character and search for
+        # the block that you already know. That character will be added to
+        # the known target bytes.
+    return known_target_bytes.decode()
-        # trying every possibility for the last character
+def main() -> None:
+    # Find block size, prefix size, and length of plaintext size to align blocks
+    (
+        block_size,
+        size_of_prefix_target_padding,
+        minimum_size_to_align_plaintext,
+    ) = find_block_size()
-    print(known_target_bytes.decode())
+    print(f"Block size:\t\t\t\t{block_size}")
+    print(
+        "Size of prefix, target, and padding:"
+        f"\t{size_of_prefix_target_padding}"
+    )
+    print(f"Pad needed to align:\t\t\t{minimum_size_to_align_plaintext}")
+    # Find size of the prefix
+    prefix_size = find_prefix_size(block_size)
+    print(f"\nPrefix Size:\t{prefix_size}")
-# Find block size, prefix size, and length of plaintext size to allign blocks
+    # Size of the target
-block_size, sizeOfPrefixTargetPadding, minimumSizeToAlignPlaintext = findBlockSize()
+    target_size = (
-print("Block size:\t\t\t" + str(block_size))
+        size_of_prefix_target_padding
-print("Size of prefix and target:\t" + str(sizeOfPrefixTargetPadding))
+        - minimum_size_to_align_plaintext
-print("Pad needed to align:\t\t" + str(minimumSizeToAlignPlaintext))
+        - prefix_size
+    )
-# Find size of the prefix
+    # Recover the target
-prefix_size = findPrefixSize(block_size)
+    recovered_target = recover_one_byte_at_a_time(
-print("\nPrefix Size:\t" + str(prefix_size))
+        block_size,
+        prefix_size,
+        target_size,
+    )
+    print(f"\nTarget: {recovered_target}")
-# Size of the target
-target_size = sizeOfPrefixTargetPadding- \
-    minimumSizeToAlignPlaintext - prefix_size
-print("\nTarget:")
+if __name__ == "__main__":
-recoverOneByteAtATime(block_size, prefix_size, target_size)
+    main()
 </file>
+</spoiler>
+</hidden>

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ic/labs/06.1664229071.txt.gz · Last modified: 2022/09/27 00:51 by razvan.smadu

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