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| Operation | Time (ns) | Notes | 
|---|---|---|
 L1 cache reference       | 0.5 ns | |
 Branch mispredict       | 5 ns | |
 L2 cache reference       | 7 ns | 14x L1 cache | 
 Mutex lock/unlock       | 25 ns | |
 Main memory reference       | 100 ns | 20x L2 cache, 200x L1 cache | 
 Compress 1K bytes with Zippy      | 3,000 ns | |
 Send 1K bytes over 1 Gbps network      | 10,000 ns | 0.01 ms | 
 Read 4K randomly from SSD*       | 150,000 ns | 0.15 ms | 
 Read 1 MB sequentially from memory      | 250,000 ns | 0.25 ms | 
 Round trip within same datacenter       | 500,000 ns | 0.5 ms | 
 Read 1 MB sequentially from SSD*       | 1,000,000 ns | 1 ms, 4x memory | 
 Disk seek       | 10,000,000 ns | 10 ms, 20x datacenter roundtrip | 
 Read 1 MB sequentially from disk       | 20,000,000 ns | 20 ms, 80x memory, 20x SSD | 
 Send packet Caracal - NY - Caracal       | 150,000,000 ns | 150 ms | 
Un *profiler* este un utilitar de analiză a *performanței* care ajută programatorul să determine punctele critice – *bottleneck* – ale unui program. Acest lucru se realizează prin investigarea comportamentului programului, evaluarea consumului de memorie și relația dintre modulele acestuia.